| Method                        | Definition                                                        | Key Characteristics                           |
| ----------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------- |
| **1. Direct Instruction**     | Teacher-centered method focused on structured, explicit teaching. | Lectures, demonstrations, guided practice     |
| **2. Inquiry-Based Learning** | Student-centered exploration to construct understanding.          | Questioning, problem-solving, discovery       |
| **3. Cooperative Learning**   | Students work together in small groups to achieve learning goals. | Collaboration, peer teaching, group roles     |
| **4. Flipped Classroom**      | Students study content at home, do practice or projects in class. | Videos or readings at home, active class time |
